ORIGIN OF COLONIAL EXPANSION IN ASIA
European powers began colonizing Asia in the
early 16th century, beginning with the Portuguese seizure of sites, while along
the west coast of India, Ceylon and Malacca. In 1511, Portugal established a
permanent base in Malacca. In 1565, Spain commenced its colonization of the
Philippine Islands, creating a long sea trade route via Mexico to Spain.The decline of Spain and Portugal in the 17th century paved the way for other European powers, namely the Netherlands, France and England. Portugal would lose influence in all but three of its colonies, Portuguese India, Macau and Timor.
By the
end of the 17th century, the Dutch had taken over much of the old Portuguese
colonies, and had established a strong presence in present-day Indonesia, with
colonies in Aceh Bantam, Makassar and Jakarta. The Dutch also had trade links
with Siam, Japan, China and Bengal.The British had competed with Portuguese,
Spanish and Dutch for their interests in Asia since the early 17th century and
by the mid-19th century held much of India (via the British East India
Company), as well as Burma, Ceylon, Malaya and Singapore. After The Indian
Rebellion of 1857, Queen Victoria was declared Empress of India, thus
solidifying the British rule on the subcontinent.The last British acquisition in Asia was the New
Territories of Hong Kong, which was leased from the Qing emperor in 1897,
expanding the British colony originally ceded in the Treaty of Nanking in 1842.
The French had little success in India following defeats against the British in
the 17th century, though they held onto possessions on the east coast of India
(such as Pondicherry and Mahar) until decolonization. The French established
their most lucrative and substantial colony in Indochina from 1862, eventually
occupying the present-day areas of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia by 1887.Japan's first colony
was the island of Taiwan, occupied in 1874 and officially ceded by the Qing
emperor in 1894. Japan continued its early imperialism with the annexation of
Korea in 1910. The United States entered the region in 1898 during the
Spanish American War, taking the Philippines as its sole colony through a mock
battle in the capital and the purchase of the Philippines from Spain after the
declaration of independence and the First Philippine Republic.
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