GLOBALIZATION
Globalization or globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people,
companies, and governments worldwide. Globalization has grown due to advances in
transportation and communication technology. With the increased global interactions comes the
growth of international trade, ideas, and culture.
Globalization is primarily an economic process
of interaction and integration that's associated with social and cultural aspects. However,
conflicts and diplomacy are also large parts of the history of globalization, and modern
globalization.
Economically, globalization involves goods, services, the economic resources of capital,
technology, and data. Also, the expansions of global markets liberalize the economic activities
of the exchange of goods and funds. Removal of cross-border trade barriers has made
formation of global markets more feasible. The steam locomotive, steamship, jet engine, and
container ships are some of the advances in the means of transport while the rise of the
telegraph and its modern offspring, the Internet and mobile phones show development in
telecommunications infrastructure. All of these improvements have been major factors in
globalization and have generated further interdependence of economic and cultural activities
around the globe.
Though many scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times, others trace its history
long before the European Age of Discovery and voyages to the New World, some even to the
third millennium BC. Large-scale globalization began in the 1820s.In the late 19th century and
early 20th century, the connectivity of the world's economies and cultures grew very quickly.
The term globalization is recent, only establishing its current meaning in the 1970s.
In 2000, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four basic aspects of globalization:
trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people,
and the dissemination of knowledge. Further, environmental challenges such as global
warming, cross-boundary water, air pollution, and over-fishing of the ocean are linked with
globalization. Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work organization,
economics, socio-cultural resources, and the natural environment. Academic literature
commonly subdivides globalization into three major areas: economic globalization, cultural
globalization, and political globalization.
Economic globalization:
Economic globalization is the increasing economic interdependence of national economies
across the world through a rapid increase in cross-border movement of goods, services,
technology, and capital.[60] Whereas the globalization of business is centered around the
diminution of international trade regulations as well as tariffs, taxes, and other impediments that
suppresses global trade, economic globalization is the process of increasing economic
integration between countries, leading to the emergence of a global marketplace or a single
world market. Depending on the paradigm, economic globalization can be viewed as either a
positive or a negative phenomenon. Economic globalization comprises: globalization of
production; which refers to the obtainment of goods and services from a particular source from
locations around the globe to benefit from difference in cost and quality. Likewise, it also
comprises globalization of markets; which is defined as the union of different and separate
markets into a massive global marketplace. Economic globalization also includes competition,
technology, and corporations and industries.
Cultural globalization
Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the
world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations. This process is marked by the
common consumption of cultures that have been diffused by the Internet, popular culture media,
and international travel. This has added to processes of commodity exchange and colonization
which have a longer history of carrying cultural meaning around the globe. The circulation of
cultures enables individuals to partake in extended social relations that cross national and
regional borders. The creation and expansion of such social relations is not merely observed on
a material level. Cultural globalization involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge
with which people associate their individual and collective cultural identities. It brings increasing
interconnectedness among different populations and cultures.
Cross-cultural communication is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural
backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they
endeavor to communicate across cultures. Intercultural communication is a related field of
study.
Political globalization
Political globalization refers to the growth of the worldwide political system, both in size and
complexity. That system includes national governments, their governmental and
intergovernmental organizations as well as government-independent elements of global civil
society such as international non-governmental organizations and social movement
organizations. One of the key aspects of the political globalization is the declining importance of
the nation-state and the rise of other actors on the political scene. William R. Thompson has
defined it as "the expansion of a global political system, and its institutions, in which interregional transactions (including, but certainly not limited to trade) are managed". Political
globalization is one of the three main dimensions of globalization commonly found in academic
literature, with the two other being economic globalization and cultural globalization.
Intergovernmentalism is a term in political science with two meanings. The first refers to a
theory of regional integration originally proposed by Stanley Hoffmann; the second treats states
and the national government as the primary factors for integration. Multi-level governance is an
approach in political science and public administration theory that originated from studies on
European integration. Multi-level governance gives expression to the idea that there are many
interacting authority structures at work in the emergent global political economy. It illuminates
the intimate entanglement between the domestic and international levels of authority.
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